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Leaching of zinc : reactions: ZnO + H 2 SO 4 → ZnSO 4 + H 2 O Fe 2 O 3 + 3 H 2 SO 4 → 3 H 2 O + Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 Roasting is done in fluidized bed roaster, Zinc roasting reactions± ZnS + O 2 →ZnO + SO 2 Roasting (partial sulphate roasting), acid leaching, solution purification, electrowinning, Pyro process : (imperial smelting process 20% the case) Sintering roasting (dead roasting), reduction , Zinc occurs as sulfide ores 50-60%Zn 25-35%S 2-10% Fe Kish : Cooling the hot metal leads to carbon precipitating as graphite (kish), if not controlled largeīOS converter is charged with scrap (20%) which acts as source for Fe and as coolant, fluxes and hotĬ Si and P are removed in oxydizin environment, S in reducing environment Zinc production Reactions: Mg + FeS, MnS→ MgS + Fe,Mn CaC + FeS, MnS→CaS + C + Fe, Mn CaO + Fes, MnS→CaS + O + Fe, Mn skimming arm skims of The sulphu rich slag Of impurities oxygen is reactant used t remove impurities.īlast furnace hot metal is desulphurized in transfer ladle using magnesium/lime or calcium carbide,

Sulfide smelting of copper ore: concentrated->cu matte->blister cu->anode cu->pure cu Sulfides: extracted through pyro, hydro or combo of these tweo. Solution but part of pyro (increasing grade of metal) molten salt electrolysis: used in pyro (aluminum) Impurities and metal separation metal precipitation: extracting metal from solution electrolysis,Ĭementation with pressure, hydrogen reduction Įlectro: electrowinning from aqueous solution (pat of hydro) electrorefining: operating in aqueous Hydro: leaching: metal from solid to solution purification: removal of impurities en removing Pyro: smelting, converting, fire refining, molten salt electrolysis, Reactions in the cyclone Fe 2 O 3 + CO→ 2 FeO + CO 2 Hisarna : No coking or agglomaeration, direct loading of ores and coal Ulcos: Ultra low co2 steelmaking Co2 from top gass is recycled, co2/h2 gass is reheated and Raceway H 2 O + C→ H 2 + CO C + O 2 →CO 2 Wet zone: FeO + C →Fe + CO C O 2 + C → 2 CO Reactions Fe 2 O 3 + CO→CO 2 + Fe 3 O 4 → FeO→Fe Ironmaking works: At top: input of iron ores and coke, escape of gas, Pelletising: agglomeration process: grinding, pelletizing (drums), burning. Liquid-liquid: common in hydro and pyro: -immiscibility and density difference Tapping, solvent Solid-liquid: leaching of concentrates, settling (pressure, vacuum) Solid-solid more difficult: direct reduction of iron (sponge iron+residu) or physical separation Phase separation: gas easily leaves mixture: Reaction rate: temperature or diffusion dependent when T defendant use arenius equation:Īt high T kinetically controller at low T diffusion controlled Than reality due to slow reaction kinetics at low T. When reading temperature of reduction from Ellingham diagram temperature is sometimes lower

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Thermal dynamics: H enthalpy S entropy G gibbs free energy Hydrometallurgy), Majority zinc, copper and sometimes cobalt and nickelĮlectrometallurgy: chemical reactions through charge transfer aqueous solution molten salt, Al MGĮlectrorefinning and winning of copper and electrowinning of zinc

Hydrometallurgy: Chemical reactions in aqueous invironment (below 100C except for pressure Pyometallurgy: chemical reactions at high temperature, iron and steel, lead and tin, copper, titanium,

Secondary production: starting material is scrap and waste (recycling) Melting in stead of smelting Primary production: starting raw material is ore mining, mineral processing (concentrating),